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Amherst Papyrus
The ancient Egyptian document Amherst Papyrus, now known as the Leopold II and Amherst Papyrus, is part of the original court records dealing with the tomb robberies under Ramesses IX and dates to Year 16 of Ramsesses IX. It contains the confessions of eight men who had broken into the tomb of Sobekemsaf II and a description of the reconstruction of the crime. It throws light on the practices followed at ancient Egyptian courts: eliciting confessions by ''beating with a double rod, smiting their feet and hands'', reconstructing the crime on site, and imprisonment of suspects in the gatehouse of a temple.〔Breasted, ''op.cit.'', §§ 540f.〕 The document remains an important document for understanding the importance of burial and the afterlife in Ancient Egypt as well as crime and punishment practices in Egypt during the 20th Dynasty.〔Spencer, p95〕
==Background History==
The grave robbery described in the Amherst-Leopold document came during the 20th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt and “a background of economic trouble and incipient national disunity.”〔Ikram and Dodson p62〕 This was a difficult time for Egypt and one that certainly was not prosperous. Egypt was no longer able to control its foreign territories and lost them, whilst foreign powers, such as Libya, would trouble Egypt with raids into Egyptian territories. During this period regional leaders, foreign dignitaries and administrative representatives found themselves with more power as Pharaohs attempted to control civil order.〔Grandet, Twentieth Dynasty〕 Civil order and administrative power was at a low, whilst economic conditions in Egypt had faltered due to inflation: “in the late Twentieth Dynasty, a period for which we have a wealth of documentary evidence about tomb-robbing, the practice was clearly encouraged by economic factors.” 〔Spencer, p77〕〔Peden, Ramesses IX〕 As such tomb-robbing became a lucrative and more appealing way to get riches during a weak period of Ancient Egypt. “Intact burials are frequently very poor ones, the ancient plunderers having known well that they were not worth the trouble of investigation.” 〔Spencer, p74〕
Tomb-robbing was a common feature in the Ancient World, and was very common in Egypt in particular: “it is a sad fact that the vast majority of ancient Egyptian tombs have been plundered in antiquity.” 〔Spencer, p74〕 Efforts had been made in the past to discourage tomb-robbers, but it only served to increase their ingenuity and craft. At first the coffins themselves were made harder to open, and went from being made out of wood to stone, whilst entrances were sealed in a way to make it difficult for robbers to enter, secret burial chambers were then used to hide the bodies. Despite all the measures to stop these robbers, the lure of potential treasures during the hard times can be seen to have led to robberies like those described in the Amherst-Leopold Papyrus.〔Spencer, p79-80〕
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